Getting Started With Dataframe in R and Exploring Others Useful Functions

Introduction

Dataframe are the mostly used data structure in R. Dataframe is a list where all components have name and are on the same line. Easiest way of understanding about dataframe is the visualization of spreadsheets. The first row is represented by header. The header is given by the list component name. Each column can store the different datatype which is called a variable and each row is an observation across multiple variables, since dataframe are like spreadsheet we can insert the data how we will like to. There are many possibilities to inserting data.

Product	apple	Banana
price store A	23	56
price store B	67	80

It is not dataframe because here price store is divided into two parts. If we rearrange the data by taking product is one variable and price is next variable and store is one variable then it become dataframe.

Product	Price	Store
apple	23	A
apple	67	B
banana	56	A
banana	80	B

Attributes of dataframe

• Length
• Dimension
• Name
• Class

How to Create DataFrame

product <- c('apple','banana','orange','papaya','rice','wheat','pee','noodle')
catagory <- c( 'groceries','groceries','electronic','electronic','groceries','electronic','electronic','groceries')
price <- c(24,45,67,88,56,78,89,90)
quality <- c('high','low','high','low','high','low','high','low') 

To create dataframe from above data we can do

 shopping_data <- data.frame(product,catagory,price,quality,
                           budget = c(120,3000,600,500,45,67,89,90))
shopping_data

Output of the avove code is, dataframe.

To check wether it is dataframe or not we can use folowing code.

str(shopping_data)

Output of the above cde is,

'data.frame':   8 obs. of  5 variables:
 $ product : chr  "apple" "banana" "orange" "papaya" ...
 $ catagory: chr  "groceries" "groceries" "electronic" "electronic" ...
 $ price   : num  24 45 67 88 56 78 89 90
 $ quality : chr  "high" "low" "high" "low" ...
 $ budget  : num  120 3000 600 500 45 67 89 90 

Check the attribute of dataframe.

 names(shopping_data)

Check dimension of dataframe.

 dim(shopping_data)

Check first six rows of dataframe

 head(shopping_data)

Check last six rows of dataframe.

 tail(shopping_data)

Take only two rows of dataframe.

 head(shopping_data, n =  2)

Access specified column of database.

 shopping_data$product

Output of the above code is,

 'apple''banana''orange''papaya''rice''wheat''pee''noodle'

 shopping_data[['product']]

Output of the above code is,

 'apple''banana''orange''papaya''rice''wheat''pee''noodle'

Manipulating dataframe

By manipulating dataframe we khow how to select, add new row and how to sort and rank into dataframe. Dataframe are list where each elements are name vector of same length. Therefore we can select element as same as in list. We do by [[]] or $column. Dataframe are also two dimensional matricies which means we can index them as matrices by using square braces i.e [row, column]. We fix data in one dimension they behave as list. Therefore dataframe can be index either as like list or as like matrices accoding to positions, rules, names.

List subsetting

#list subsetting
shopping_data[[2]]
shopping_data[['budget']]
shopping_data$price
shopping_data$price[1:3]
shopping_data[[3]][3]
shopping_data$price[3]

Output of the above code is,

'groceries''groceries''electronic''electronic''groceries''electronic''electronic''groceries'
120300060050045678990
2445678856788990
244567
67
67

Matrix subsetting

#Matrix subsetting
shopping_data[,1]
shopping_data[,"product"]
shopping_data[1,]
shopping_data[1,"price"]

Output will be

'apple''banana''orange''papaya''rice''wheat''pee''noodle'
'apple''banana''orange''papaya''rice''wheat''pee''noodle'
A data.frame: 1 × 5
1   apple   groceries   24  high    120
24

Add new attribute into dataframe.

feedback<- c('good','outstanding','ordinary','nice','excilent','brillent','extra-ordinary','satisfactory')
shopping_data <- cbind(shopping_data,feedback)
shopping_data

Output will be

A data.frame: 8 × 6
apple   groceries   24  high    120 good
banana  groceries   45  low 3000    outstanding
orange  electronic  67  high    600 ordinary
papaya  electronic  88  low 500 nice
rice    groceries   56  high    45  excilent
wheat   electronic  78  low 67  brillent
pee electronic  89  high    89  extra-ordinary
noodle  groceries   90  low 90  satisfactory

We can do the following operations to access the data from dataframe

shopping_data[c(1:3),1]
shopping_data[1]
shopping_data[[1]]
is.vector(shopping_data[1])
is.vector(shopping_data[[1]])
is.list(shopping_data[1])
is.list(shopping_data[1])

Output is,

'apple''banana''orange'
A data.frame: 8 × 1
apple
banana
orange
papaya
rice
wheat
pee
noodle
'apple''banana''orange''papaya''rice''wheat''pee''noodle'
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE

Working with tidyverse

During data analysis we spend our most time in data cleaning and transforming the raw data. Tydyverse is an add on that let us perform operation such as cleaning data and creating powerful graph.

product <- c('apple','banana','orange','papaya','Rice','wheat','pee','noodle')
catagory <- c( 'groceries','groceries','electronic','electronic','groceries','electronic','electronic','groceries')
price <- c(24,45,67,88,56,78,89,90)
quality <- c('high','low','high','low','high','low','high','low')
shopping_data <- data.frame(product,catagory,price,quality,
                           budget = c(120,3000,600,500,45,67,89,90))
#arrange(desc(price))
shopping_data

Output is,

A data.frame: 8 × 5
apple   groceries   24  high    120
banana  groceries   45  low 3000
orange  electronic  67  high    600
papaya  electronic  88  low 500
Rice    groceries   56  high    45
wheat   electronic  78  low 67
pee electronic  89  high    89
noodle  groceries   90  low 90

Select Function

Select function allow us to select specified data from dataframe.

# dplyr never change the original data
#install.packages("tidyverse")
#library(tidyverse)
library(dplyr) 
product <- select(shopping_data,price,budget)
product

Output is,

A data.frame: 8 × 2
24  120
45  3000
67  600
88  500
56  45
78  67
89  89
90  90

Filter

Filter function work similar to the select. Using the pipe operator %>% we can write multiple operations at once without renaming the intermedating results.

filter(product,budget > 100)

Output is,

A data.frame: 4 × 2
24  120
45  3000
67  600
88  500

dataset2 <- shopping_data %>%
select(product,price)%>%
filter(price>45)%>%
group_by( product)%>%
summarize(avg = mean(price))

dataset2 

Output is,

A tibble: 6 × 2
noodle  90
orange  67
papaya  88
pee 89
Rice    56
wheat   78

Arrange function

It sort our dataframe in acending order.
arrange(price), to arrange dataframe in decending order we used arrange(desc(price))

arrange(product,price)

Output is,
A data.frame: 8 × 2
24  120
45  3000
56  45
67  600
78  67
88  500
89  89
90  90

Managing control statements:

• If statement:

If statement is the most common statement that execute code that only the condition place between bracket is true. Otherwise if statement ignore that particular piece of code.
if(condition){ code to be executed}
to overcome this abstacle we add extra element else

Paste function

Paste converts its arguments ( via as.character) to character strings and concatenates them (separating them by the string given by sep ). If the arguments are vectors, they are concatenated term-by-term to give a character vector result.

product <- "tshirt"
price<- 110
if(price < 100){
    print(paste('adding',product,'to cart'))
}else
{
    print(paste('adding',product,'to wishlist'))
}

Output is,

[1] "adding tshirt to wishlist"

Control Statement in vectors

quantity <- c(1,1,2,3,4)
ifelse(quantity == 1,'Yes','No')

Output is,

'Yes''Yes''No''No''No'

price <- 100
if(price < 100){
    print("price"< "budget")
}else if(price == 100){
    print("the price is equal to budget")

}else{
    print("The budget is less then price")
}

Output is,

[1] "the price is equal to budget"

price <- c(58,100,110)
if(price < 100){
    print("price"< "budget")
}else if(price == 100){
    print("the price is equal to budget")

}else{
    print("The budget is less then price")
}

If the condition has the lenght grater than one then only the first input is tested. That means it check the first elements and then stop. This problem is resolved by using any function.

Any Function

if(any(price < 100)){

    print('At least one price is under budget')
}

Output is,

[1] "At least one price is under budget"

All Function

if(all(price<100)){
    print('all the price are under budget')
}else{
    print('Not all prices satisfies the condition.')
}

Output is,

[1] "Not all prices satisfies the condition."

To combine the condition we can use && and || operator. single and and or are used to element wise vector. While double and or are used for vector compare on one(non vectorize form).

price <- 58
if(price> 50 && price < 100){
    print('The price is between 50 and 100')
}else {
    print("the price is not in between 50 and 100")
}

[1] "The price is between 50 and 100"

Switch Statement

We can add as many as if else statements however keeping more than four is difficult to keep track what is happing when the condition is true. The switch command work with the cases, each syntax contain value to be tested followed by the possible cases.

quantity <- c(1,3,4,5)

average_quantity <- function(quantity,type) {
    switch(type,
          arthematic = mean(quantity),
          geometric = prod(quantity)^(1/length(quantity)))
}
average_quantity(quantity,"arthematic")

Output is,

3.25

x <- c(1,2,3,4,5)
sumfunction <- function(x,i){
    switch(i, 
          s = sum(x)
        )
}
sumfunction(x,"s")

Output is,

15

Loop

Loop is the sequence of instructions that are repeated untill a certain condition is reached.

• For loop
  It perform the same operations on all elements from input.
  Its syntax is if(variable in sequence ){ Expression}
  between parenthesis there are three argument first argument is variable which can take any name then we have keyword in and last is sequence or vector of any kind.

For loop does not save output untill we print it.

cart <- c('apple','cookie','lemoan')
    for(product in cart){
        print(product)
    }

Output is,

[1] "apple"
[1] "cookie"
[1] "lemoan"

While loop

While loop perform the operation as long as given conditions is true. Syntax is similary as for loop. To make loop stop there must be relation between condtion and expression other wise loop does not stop ever.

index <- 1
while(index <3 ) {
    print(paste("The index value is",index))
    index <- index + 1
}

Output is,

[1] "The index value is 1"
[1] "The index value is 2"

Repeat Loop

They repeat the same operation untill it hitting the stop key or by inserting special function to stop them. Repeat loop are important in algorithms optimization and maximization. As an syntax repeat expression

The next statement is used to discontinue one particular cycle and skip to the next.

x <- 1
repeat {
    print(x)
    x = x + 1
    if( x==3){
        break
    }
}

Output is,

[1] 1
[1] 2

price <- c(123,456,78,900,987)
for(value in price){
    if( value < 100){
        next
    }
    discount <- value - value * 0.1
    print(discount)
}

Output is,

[1] 110.7
[1] 410.4
[1] 810
[1] 888.3